(a) Describe the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using surgical method (b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm increased uniformity. There should then be strong selection on females to bind males to them, which they do by being continuously receptive, even if females have mated previously and have sufficient sperm to fertilize all their eggs. (10mrks) b) Give the operational difference between disc and mould-board plough. Various models have been posited to explain heterosis, including dominance, overdominance, and pseudo-overdominance. What is hybrid Vigour and how is it achieved? Journal of Dairy Science 83: 1145–1150. This also helps to restore the fertility and yield. GENETICS AND GENETIC RESOURCES | Population, Conservation and Ecological Genetics, Highly variable, but few strictly phloeophagous (see text); one ambrosia beetle. For both regions, inbreeders are most commonly ambrosia beetles. Give three disadvantages of inbreeding in cattle production (1½mks) Give three advantages of embryo transplant in cattle (1½mks) Name the farm tools used for each of the following operations listed below. Also, as noted, hybrid vigor plays an important role in evolution. For all the visible traits that we can see, there are many, many, more that exist that are beyond our sight. She warned us that s. That means it may take 25-50 years for the desired traits to become a . Heterosis refers to the phenomenon that progeny of diverse varieties of a species or crosses between species exhibit greater biomass, speed of development, and fertility than both parents. In recent years, dairy bulls with high genetic merit for performance traits have been used extensively in artificial insemination programs. Found inside – Page 533... by the now famous formula fo = ( 1/2 ) " + " ' + ' ( 1 + fa ) It will be seen that all of the systems of mating have their advantages and disadvantages . Close inbreeding automatically brings about fixation of type and prepotency . Despite the evolutionary success of the two major clades and ecological success of many inbreeding species, there is no evidence that inbreeding leads to diversification (Jordal and Cognato, 2012). this is actually the 2010 paper but the front page had a typo resulting to the year being 2008, but this is actually the 2010 trial paper (2009) estimated inbreeding rates and found that they vary highly between populations but generally reflect high amounts of inbreeding. Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning considers the scientific and medical sides of this issue, plus ethical issues that pertain to human-subjects research. K.P. But inbreeding still occurs, if extremely rarely. The mating of an animal to a related animal is called inbreeding. Figure 3.4. Found inside – Page 117Two female and three male large ground finches, Geospiza magnirostris, established a breeding population at the end of 1982 ... The insight gained from this surprising observation was that genetic disadvantages from inbreeding can be ... By using inbreeding/line breeding you increase the chances of that trait being passed to the offspring. Examples of interspecies crosses of mammals that produce heterotic phenotypes include the mule resulting from a cross between a male donkey and a female horse, and the liger resulting from a cross between a lion and a tiger. Give two reasons for raddling in sheep management (1mk) 3. The inbreeding rate in some of these hatcheries has been found to be between 2% and 17% (Eknath and Doyle, 1990). Now it is well known that inbreeding leads to a reduction in growth, food conversion efficiency, and survival rate and increased production of abnormal offspring. In pith, the larvae feed in close proximity in one long cylinder. C. Mátyás, in Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, 2004. Communal larval feeding is a common theme in inbreeders, and one of the most important factors in the evolution of regular inbreeding. Females breeding alone (and hence using only sperm from a pre-dispersal mating) would have low reproductive success relative to outbreeding females. State . Is it legal to marry your sister in Alabama? The disadvantage is that it can lead to genetic defects within a . Gottlieb et al. This has been especially true for the Jersey and Holstein breeds. 3.4), low survival and poor growth. What disease is prevalent in many royal families due to inbreeding? This indicates that due to inbreeding in each generation, heterozygosity is reduced by 50% and expected to be eliminated from the inbred line with subsequent production of two homozygous pure lines. (a)(i) State Mendel's laws of inheritance. Both Xylosandrus, which breed in orchids (Dole et al., 2010), and Hypothenemus, which breed in fleshy tissues, are tissue generalists, with the exception of H. pubescens, which may breed exclusively in grass stems (Atkinson and Peck, 1994). Biology STPM Trials 2010 Gombak District with answers. State three disadvantages of inbreeding 8. Nihar Ranjan Chattopadhyay, in Induced Fish Breeding, 2017. Inbreeders, by virtue of investing minimally in males, and by not expending time and energy on mate location, have higher intrinsic rates of increase, and thus are exposed to the dangers of stochastic extinctions for a shorter period than are outbreeders. While many breeders argue that cross breeding produces healthier, stronger dogs, there is no scientific evidence to back this up. Alternatively, Prince Philip, who was born on 10June 1921 on the Greek island of Corfu to Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg, is related to Queen Victoria through his mother’s side. Females that do disperse will usually mate with a nest mate prior to leaving the natal nest (Mitchell 1973). Give three 1advantages of contemporary comparison method in selection of livestock (1 /2 4. Inbreeding, or mating between two closely-related people, is a strong taboo across the world. Found inside – Page 164necesoffspring or of dam and offspring , or of brother and sister , it becomes inbreeding or ' breeding in - and - in . ' It is line breeding carried to its limits , and of course possesses all the advantages and disadvantages of that ... Hybrid vigour tends to be greatest in traits most closely associated with biological fitness. (b)(i) What is evolution? Heterosis may be defined as the superiority of an F1, hybrid over both its parents in terms of yield or some other character. Inbreeding seems to be common in these species, which, much like the social spiders, also exhibit highly female-biased sex ratios (Norton et al., 1993). Inbreeding, a regular phenomenon in the present-day hatcheries of India and most other Asian countries, occurs through repetitive breeding by maintaining a small founder population. Repeated inbreeding rapidly produces homozygotic genomes, which are then passed on intact from one generation to the next. Of all inbreeding species, 97% come from two major species radiations. (iii) State three disadvantages of inbreeding. Found inside – Page 146In the third step, electric current is applied to induce fusion between the somatic cell (containing the diploid nucleus) ... armadillo disadvantages of inbreeding are well known in humans and other animals in terms of the frequency of ... For example, the species of Indian major carp can produce about 0.25 million eggs per female per breeding season. Researchers have questioned the importance of inbreeding for the persistence of wild populations since most inbreeding evidence comes from domesticated/captive populations. (a) Describe the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using . Inbreeding is defined as the mating of animals that share a recent common ancestor, e.g., mating parents with offspring, mating full- or half-siblings. What does it mean to build relationships? However, inbreeding depression may not cause declines in population size due to density dependence. Tests on the remains of the Romanov imperial family show that the specific form of haemophilia passed down by Queen Victoria was probably the relatively rare Haemophilia B. They suggest that inbreeding depression due to recessive deleterious alleles may still be present even in species, such as are mites, with male haploidy. Inbreeding may also lead to the reduction of heterozygosity as has been suggested by Kocher (1997) who reported that some strains of farmed tilapia showed less than 10% of the heterozygosity of their wild counterparts. (ii) State five applications of genetics in medicine. Found inside – Page 31... Can maintain mutation or transgene homozygously and use inbred as control Disadvantages Generation time (two to three ... on all chromosomes and selected for during the inbreeding process, to create what are termed speed congenics. (b) Give three advantages of embryo transpEant in cattle. (ii) State five applications of genetics in medicine. They found that when species hybridize, some of the variation in gene activity may be canceled out, leading to greater vigor. (b) Advantages of Inbreeding in Cattle: (i) It helps in evolving a pureline in any animal. This volume covers the field of mouse breeding and genetics at a level of detail sufficient for pursuing independent research. Inbreeding is defined as ‘the mating or crossing of individuals more closely related than average pairs in the population’. Inbreeding has also arisen multiple times in the Acari (Norton et al., 1993), but for the most part not in association with group living, except in spider mites (Prostigmata, Tetranychidae) and perhaps some taxa in the Mesostigmata (Mori et al., 1999; Saito, 1997, 2010). Heterosis, also called hybrid vigour, the increase in such characteristics as size, growth rate, fertility, and yield of a hybrid organism over those of its parents. [6 marks] (b) State four factors that determine the amount of water required by farm animals. These examples all come from inbreeding clades. Inbreeding polygyny is not unique to Scolytinae; regular brother/sister mating is found in a wide range of organisms, ranging from eyelash mites to naked mole rats, but it has evolved especially often in bark beetles. Over the years these meetings have resulted in a number of important documents including the Manual of Microbiologic Monitoring of Laboratory Animals published in 1994 and the article Establishment and Preservation of Reference Inbred ... For North and Central America, 93% breed either as ambrosia beetles or in pith, seeds, and fruits, or “diverse“ tissues. What is the advantage and disadvantage of inbreeding? Rotational crossbreeding plans, particularly with three breeds, can maintain substantial heterosis, but maintaining a rotational crossbreeding program . In the Southeast Asia fauna, too, those that are not ambrosia beetles are mainly myelophagous and spermatophagous. Examples will vary. surgical method (b) (i) State . Selective breeding can be used to produce tastier fruits and vegetables, crops with greater resistance to pests, and larger animals that can be used for meat. Inbreeding: Defined as "mating together animals which are related so that the resulting offspring have one or more ancestors that occur on both the sire's side and the dam's side of the pedigree . Two forms of inbreeding. Lions group consists of one primary male lion, several females, and one or two lesser males. Heterosis, or hybrid vigour, describes the superior performance of heterozygous hybrid individuals compared with their homozygous parental inbred lines. (ii) Distinguish between convergent evolution and divergent evolution. Good breeders know which cat to choose to produce a healthy kitten. Because inbreeding causes an increase in the proportion of like genes (good or bad, recessive or dominant), the inbred animal's reproductive cells will be more uniform in their genetic makeup. One person derived from first order relatives will likely have no genetic defects but they may. Heterosis has been observed and, in some cases, harnessed in many diverse systems. Mitchell (1973) estimated that dispersal may be quite costly and showed that Tetranychus urticae females in uncrowded conditions will often forego dispersal. routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe. The smaller the founder stock, the higher the chance of inbreeding. There are no disorders specific to inbreeding so there is no way to tell if one person may be inbred. In most bark beetle systems, larvae tunnel away from the maternal egg gallery, and most bark beetles breed in relatively dense aggregations: any mating before dispersing will usually be between offspring of different broods. State three disadvantages of inbreeding 8. (a) State three characteristics of each of the following classes of animal feedstuffs; What is striking from Table 3.4 is that inbreeders mainly have feeding modes other than the predominant one of phloeophagy. The disadvantage of selective breeding is that it can take a long time for the process to work. 50 million years (Jordal and Cognato, 2012). (5mrks) 26. Hybrid vigor, or heterosis, is the increase in stature, biomass, and fertility that characterizes the progeny of crosses between diverse parents such that the F1 is superior to the better of the two parents. Consequently, small, isolated populations that have existed for many generations are expected to show inbreeding depression. These defects include: Increased congenital defects such as cryptorchidism, heart defects, cleft palates. (ii) Inbreeding depression and heterosis are related to individual genetic diversity. Prabhakaran Nair, in The Agronomy and Economy of Important Tree Crops of the Developing World, 2010. 8. K. Ralls, ... J.D. In this lucid and accessible book, eminent biologist Professor Sir Patrick Bateson suggests that the nature/nurture dichotomy we often use to think about questions of development in both humans and animals is misleading. [4 marks] Observation. 3. Found inside – Page 547jor differences in the three populations ' habitats that might account for a smaller size being favoured in the Stewiacke River . Overall , there appear to be no fitness - related advantages or disadvantages to inbreeding or outbreeding ... In plants, this is basically achieved by a greater proliferation of cells in some but not all tissues (2). Yes, selective breeding can help hasten the good traits of evolution, but it can do nothing about the unfavorable traits. Most of the relevant published canine studies do not provide estimates of actual hybrid vigour. Some spider mite species, such as species in the Tetranychid genus Stigmaeopsis in Japan (Saito, 2010), live in extended family groups (two or three overlapping generations) housed by cooperatively built webs that are thought to have an antipredator function (Mori and Saito, 2005). How do you say public speaking on a resume? Table 1 lists the inbreeding levels for the Holstein breed in recent years and the projected levels to the year 2020. Disadvantage is that it causes inbreeding depression because of which there is decline in survival and reproduction. Found inside – Page 203Types of Hybrids—Advantages and Disadvantages Inbred Lines Inbred lines are true breeding (homozygous) parents for hybrid corn. They are developed by corn breeders using artificial self-pollinating (inbreeding) accompanied by vigorous ... [6 marks] (b) State four factors that determine the amount of water required by farm animals. Inbreeding is also disproportionately common on small islands, not because outbreeders evolve incestuous mating, but because inbreeders are more successful colonizers (Kirkendall, 1993; Jordal et al., 2001). (ii) State three advantages and three disadvantages of inbreeding. Inbreeding has not evolved in Platypodinae, Corthylina (the ambrosia beetle subtribe of Corthylini), or Camptocerus. This facilitates increased selection of rare alleles but on the contrary inbreeding is associated with unfavorable biological effects while crossing with unrelated stock results in increased vigor. FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/WHATSAPP 0705525657 b. Heterosis is an important biological phenomenon that has been extensively utilized in agricultural breeding. (ii) State three advantages and three disadvantages of inbreeding. It was not just the Habsburgs that were plagued with diseases and deformities at the hands of inbreeding. Best answer. Inbreeding depression encompasses a wide variety of physical and health defects. The Coefficient of Inbreeding was formulated specifically to serve as a tool to quantify these risks and benefits in a way that could be used in making breeding decisions. I have a cat that's definitely inbred. (c) Give four sources of calcium in the diet of livestock. 10 Best Tips on How To Prepare for the GMAT Exam, 5 Benefits of e-learning that help explain its rise to fame, Pamper Yourself With a Comfortable Bath Pillow. All inbreeders that have been studied in any detail have evolved adaptive, strongly female-biased sex ratios, further increasing advantages to inbreeding; outbreeders invest half their resources in males, while inbreeders invest minimally. The practical importance of selfing is generally low, owing to mechanisms that effectively limit fertilization with self-pollen (in angiosperms, self-incompatibility alleles; in conifers, embryonic lethals).
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